Reserpine an extract obtained from Rauwolfia is very powerful against poisons it act as anti venomous.
Serpentine’s botanical name is Rauwolfia serpentina. It is of family Apocynaceae. Its M.U.P is Root.
It is very useful against snake bites and insect bites. it is used as a remedy for dysentery and other painful infections of the internal canal. it is universally employed as an internal remedy against cholera and dysentery. Leaf juice instilled into the eyes as a remedy for the removal of opaquesities of cornea
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Saturday, April 21, 2007
Nobel Prizes in 1909
In 1909 August M.F & A.Beernaet won the Nobel Prize for Peace
In 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1909 T. Kocher won the Nobel Prize
In 1909 Selma Lagerlof won the Nobel Prize for Literature
In 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1909 T. Kocher won the Nobel Prize
In 1909 Selma Lagerlof won the Nobel Prize for Literature
Nobel Prizes in 1908
In 1908 K.P Amoldson won the Nobel Prize for Peace
In 1908 Ernest Rutherford won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1908 Paul Ehrilich & E.Metchnikoff won the Nobel Prize
In 1908 R. Eucken won the Nobel Prize for Literature
In 1908 Ernest Rutherford won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1908 Paul Ehrilich & E.Metchnikoff won the Nobel Prize
In 1908 R. Eucken won the Nobel Prize for Literature
Nobel Prizes in 1907
In 1907 E.T Moneta won the Nobel Prize for Peace
In 1907 E. Buchner won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1907 C.L.A Laveran Cajal & Camillo Golgi won the Nobel Prize
In 1907 Rudyard Kipling won the Nobel Prize for Literature
In 1907 E. Buchner won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1907 C.L.A Laveran Cajal & Camillo Golgi won the Nobel Prize
In 1907 Rudyard Kipling won the Nobel Prize for Literature
Nobel Prizes in 1906
In 1906 L. Roosevelt won the Nobel Prize for Peace
In 1906 Henry Moissan won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1906 S. Ramon Cajal & Camillo Golgi won the Nobel Prize
In 1906 Giosue Carlucci won the Nobel Prize for Literature
In 1906 Henry Moissan won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1906 S. Ramon Cajal & Camillo Golgi won the Nobel Prize
In 1906 Giosue Carlucci won the Nobel Prize for Literature
Nobel Prizes in 1905
In 1905 Bertha von Suttner won the Nobel Prize for Peace
In 1905 Adolf von Baeyer won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1905 Robert Koch won the Nobel Prize
In 1905 H. Sienkiewicz won the Nobel Prize for Literature
In 1905 Adolf von Baeyer won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1905 Robert Koch won the Nobel Prize
In 1905 H. Sienkiewicz won the Nobel Prize for Literature
Nobel Prizes in 1904
In 1904 Institute of International Law (Belgium) won the Nobel Prize for Peace
In 1904 Lord Rayleigh won the Nobel Prize in Physics
In 1904 Sir W. Ramsay won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1904 Ivan P Pavlov (Denmark) won the Nobel Prize
In 1904 F. Mistral & Jose Echegaray won the Nobel Prize for Literature
In 1904 Lord Rayleigh won the Nobel Prize in Physics
In 1904 Sir W. Ramsay won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1904 Ivan P Pavlov (Denmark) won the Nobel Prize
In 1904 F. Mistral & Jose Echegaray won the Nobel Prize for Literature
Nobel Prizes in 1903
In 1903 Sir W.R Cremer won the Nobel Prize for Peace
In 1903 A.H Becquerel, Pierre & Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Physics
In 1903 S.A Arrhenius won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1903 N.R Finsen (Denmark) won the Nobel Prize
In 1903 B.Bjornson won the Nobel Prize for Literature
In 1903 A.H Becquerel, Pierre & Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Physics
In 1903 S.A Arrhenius won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1903 N.R Finsen (Denmark) won the Nobel Prize
In 1903 B.Bjornson won the Nobel Prize for Literature
Nobel Prizes in 1902
Nobel Prizes in 1902
In 1902 Eile Ducommun (Switzerland) & A. Gobal won the Nobel Prize for Peace
In 1902 H.A Lorentz & P.Zeeman (Holland) won the Nobel Prize in Physics
In 1902 Emil H. Fischer won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1902 Sir Ronald Rose (England) won the Nobel Prize
In 1902 T.Mommsen (Germany) won the Nobel Prize for Literature
In 1902 Eile Ducommun (Switzerland) & A. Gobal won the Nobel Prize for Peace
In 1902 H.A Lorentz & P.Zeeman (Holland) won the Nobel Prize in Physics
In 1902 Emil H. Fischer won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1902 Sir Ronald Rose (England) won the Nobel Prize
In 1902 T.Mommsen (Germany) won the Nobel Prize for Literature
Nobel Prizes in 1901
In 1901 Jean H. Dunant (Switzerland) & Frederick Passy (France) won the Nobel Prize for Peace
In 1901 W.K Roentgen (Germany) won the Nobel Prize in Physics
In 1901 J.H Vant Hoff won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1901 E.A Von Behering (Germany) won the Nobel Prize
In 1901 Rene F.A Sully prudhoome (France) won the Nobel Prize for Literature
In 1901 W.K Roentgen (Germany) won the Nobel Prize in Physics
In 1901 J.H Vant Hoff won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
In 1901 E.A Von Behering (Germany) won the Nobel Prize
In 1901 Rene F.A Sully prudhoome (France) won the Nobel Prize for Literature
Friday, April 6, 2007
Multiple Alleles
Alleles are the alternative form of gene. Dominant allele is called Wild type and Recessive allele is called Mutant.
Characteristics
Multiple alleles occurs same locus in homologous chromosomes.
Only 2 alleles in a multiple series will be present in a diploid organism
Gametes bear only one allele as they are haploid
Multiple alleles controls same characters though their manifestation are different
They often show dominant recessive relation.
Examples for Multiple Alleles are
Coat Colour in Rabbits
ABO Blood Group
Self Sterility in Tobacco
Characteristics
Multiple alleles occurs same locus in homologous chromosomes.
Only 2 alleles in a multiple series will be present in a diploid organism
Gametes bear only one allele as they are haploid
Multiple alleles controls same characters though their manifestation are different
They often show dominant recessive relation.
Examples for Multiple Alleles are
Coat Colour in Rabbits
ABO Blood Group
Self Sterility in Tobacco
Plant Hybridization
Natural variability present in land varieties are exhausted quickly when they are subjected to selection, gentle variability should be introduced in a plant population for further improvement.
Hybridization is the crossing of two dissimilar genotypes. For getting multiple superiorities over the parents.
Three Major factors need to be considered for successful hybridization are:
After identifying the objectives, the breeder has to follow these steps to get successful hybrid plant.
Hybridization is the crossing of two dissimilar genotypes. For getting multiple superiorities over the parents.
Three Major factors need to be considered for successful hybridization are:
- Prevention of Self Pollination in Female Parents
- Prevention of Pollination in Female parents by unidentified pollen grains
- Ensuring pollination in selected mate plants.
- To create genetic variability
- Transfer of adaptive characters
- Utilization of hybrid vigour
After identifying the objectives, the breeder has to follow these steps to get successful hybrid plant.
- Choice of Parents
- Evaluation of Parents
- Emasculation
- Bagging
- Tagging
- Pollination
- Harvesting and storing of F1 seeds
- Raising the F1 generation
- Selfing
- Selection
Sunday, April 1, 2007
Application of Microbial Processes
o Fuel and Energy
o Waste treatment and utilization
o Cellulose conversion for food and fuel
o Antibiotics and vaccines
As Nitrogen fixers: It converts Atmospheric Nitrogen into Nitrates and Nitrites which Plants can utilize. Nitrogen fixing bacteria are of different types, they are
o Free living
o Symbiotic
o Associative
o BGA
o Biofertilizers
Soil microbes in plant health and nutrition
o Rhizosphere effect
o Mineral cycling by soil microorganisms
o Biological control of soil borne pathogens
Food & animal feed
o Food preservation
o Improvement of nutritional value
o Single cell protein
o Waste treatment and utilization
o Cellulose conversion for food and fuel
o Antibiotics and vaccines
As Nitrogen fixers: It converts Atmospheric Nitrogen into Nitrates and Nitrites which Plants can utilize. Nitrogen fixing bacteria are of different types, they are
o Free living
o Symbiotic
o Associative
o BGA
o Biofertilizers
Soil microbes in plant health and nutrition
o Rhizosphere effect
o Mineral cycling by soil microorganisms
o Biological control of soil borne pathogens
Food & animal feed
o Food preservation
o Improvement of nutritional value
o Single cell protein
Benefits of Microbial processes to mankind:
o World health has improved trough the discovery of microbial causes of most human, animal and plant diseases, leading to the development of vaccines, antibiotics and chemicals to combat many of these diseases.
o Foods have been improved in quality and protected from spoilage to enable wide distribution and storage against times of need.
o Sewage treatment methods have been developed to break the chain of disease transfer through waterborne pathogens
o Farming practices have been improved through recognizing and capitalizing on the role of soil microorganisms; microbes have been used to breakdown crop residues for reuse by new crops. Nitrogen fixing organisms have been used to inoculate legumes.
o Microbial fermentation processes have provided foods, beverages, medicines and chemicals for human use.
o Foods have been improved in quality and protected from spoilage to enable wide distribution and storage against times of need.
o Sewage treatment methods have been developed to break the chain of disease transfer through waterborne pathogens
o Farming practices have been improved through recognizing and capitalizing on the role of soil microorganisms; microbes have been used to breakdown crop residues for reuse by new crops. Nitrogen fixing organisms have been used to inoculate legumes.
o Microbial fermentation processes have provided foods, beverages, medicines and chemicals for human use.
Organisms used in microbial processes
o Bacteria:
o Characteristics: Single celled organisms: spherical, rod and spiral forms. Most of them are saprophytes
Uses: break down organic mater and assist soil fertility, waste disposal, biogas production and source of antibiotics and other useful chemicals
o Fungi:
o Characteristics: plants devoid of chlorophylls; variety of forms; microscopic molds, mildews, rusts and smuts; mushrooms and puffballs.
o Uses: assisting recycling cellulose, lignin and other complex plant constituents; yeasts and mushrooms are important in food and nutrition; many are also used in chemical and pharmaceutical industries; tools in genetics and biotechnology; antagonists for biological control of pests and diseases.
o Algae:
o Characteristics: undifferentiated plants (Thallophytes)
o Uses: red and brown sea weeds are important foods. Red algae produce agar. Some blue green algae fix nitrogen. Major food for ocean fishes. Yields bio-fertilizers, bioactive compounds and functional foods.
o Protozoa:
o Characteristics: microscopic animals. Single celled or groups of similar cells, found in fresh and sea water, in soils and as parasites in animals, man and some plants.
o Uses: assist in breakdown of organic matter such as cellulose in ruminant nutrition.
o Viruses:
o Characteristics: sub microscopic forms; considered intermediate between living and non living. Infective agents, capable of multiplying only in living cells; composed of proteins and nucleic acids.
o Uses: important as carriers of genetic information. Also cause diseases in insects and other pests. Research is directed to their use in biological pest control.
o Characteristics: Single celled organisms: spherical, rod and spiral forms. Most of them are saprophytes
Uses: break down organic mater and assist soil fertility, waste disposal, biogas production and source of antibiotics and other useful chemicals
o Fungi:
o Characteristics: plants devoid of chlorophylls; variety of forms; microscopic molds, mildews, rusts and smuts; mushrooms and puffballs.
o Uses: assisting recycling cellulose, lignin and other complex plant constituents; yeasts and mushrooms are important in food and nutrition; many are also used in chemical and pharmaceutical industries; tools in genetics and biotechnology; antagonists for biological control of pests and diseases.
o Algae:
o Characteristics: undifferentiated plants (Thallophytes)
o Uses: red and brown sea weeds are important foods. Red algae produce agar. Some blue green algae fix nitrogen. Major food for ocean fishes. Yields bio-fertilizers, bioactive compounds and functional foods.
o Protozoa:
o Characteristics: microscopic animals. Single celled or groups of similar cells, found in fresh and sea water, in soils and as parasites in animals, man and some plants.
o Uses: assist in breakdown of organic matter such as cellulose in ruminant nutrition.
o Viruses:
o Characteristics: sub microscopic forms; considered intermediate between living and non living. Infective agents, capable of multiplying only in living cells; composed of proteins and nucleic acids.
o Uses: important as carriers of genetic information. Also cause diseases in insects and other pests. Research is directed to their use in biological pest control.
Chromosome Theory of Linkage
This theory was proposed by T.H Morgan, he has conducted many experiments in drosophila. He has got Nobel Prize in 1933
It consists of four points they are
Genes that show linkage are situated on same chromosome
Genes are Linearly arranged in Chromosomes
the strength of linkage is directly propotional to the distance between the genes
During the course of inheritance linked genes remain in their original combinations.
Two genes in a heterozygous individual shows “Cis” or “Trans” type of arrangement
It consists of four points they are
Genes that show linkage are situated on same chromosome
Genes are Linearly arranged in Chromosomes
the strength of linkage is directly propotional to the distance between the genes
During the course of inheritance linked genes remain in their original combinations.
Two genes in a heterozygous individual shows “Cis” or “Trans” type of arrangement
Collaborator Genes
These are Genes that present in the chromosomes shows intergenic interaction. These genes located in 2 loci controlling the same trait and interact to produce some totally new traits or phenotypes that neither of the genes alone can produce the inheritance.
Eg: Comb pattern in Poultry [9:3:3:1]
The genes involved are RRpp for Rose Comb and rrPP for Pea Comb. These interact and modify the single comb, basic type of comb pattern to walnut type.
The Progenies Phenotypes are
Walnut Comb = 9
Rose Cob = 3
Pea Comb = 3
Single Comb = 1
Eg: Comb pattern in Poultry [9:3:3:1]
The genes involved are RRpp for Rose Comb and rrPP for Pea Comb. These interact and modify the single comb, basic type of comb pattern to walnut type.
The Progenies Phenotypes are
Walnut Comb = 9
Rose Cob = 3
Pea Comb = 3
Single Comb = 1
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